Italy: A rising diplomatic and military power in the transatlantic relationship?

Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni’s visit to Washington on Thursday 17 April 2025, underscores Italy’s evolving role as a pivotal actor in transatlantic diplomacy, European defence, and the enforcement of the international legal order. Her meeting with US President Donald Trump highlighted Italy’s commitment to strengthening ties between the European Union and the United States, particularly in areas of trade and defence.

Italy’s Role in Enforcing the European International Legal Order

Italy has long been a proponent of international law and multilateralism, often positioning herself as a mediator in European affairs. Meloni’s administration continues this tradition by advocating for a rules-based international order, especially in the context of the ongoing conflict in Ukraine. Italy’s support for Ukraine, both politically and militarily, reflects her dedication to upholding international norms and sovereignty.

Mediating a Potential EU-US Trade Agreement

During her visit, Meloni emphasized the importance of resolving trade tensions between the EU and the US, advocating for a “zero-for-zero” tariff deal on industrial goods. This approach aims to eliminate tariffs on both sides, fostering economic growth and reinforcing the transatlantic alliance. Meloni’s diplomatic efforts are seen as instrumental in bridging gaps between the EU and the US, with Trump expressing optimism about reaching a favourable trade agreement. 

Italy’s Military Strength and Capabilities in 2025: A Comprehensive Assessment

As of 2025, Italy stands as a significant military power within Europe and the broader NATO alliance. Ranked 10th globally by the Global Firepower Index, Italy’s armed forces are undergoing substantial modernisation to address contemporary security challenges and fulfil international commitments.

Defence Spending and NATO Commitments

Italy has committed to meeting NATO’s defence spending target of 2% of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2025. This marks a significant increase from the 1.49% spent in 2024. The adjustment includes reclassifying certain expenditures, such as investments in civilian technologies and military pensions, to align with NATO accounting standards. This strategic move aims to bolster Italy’s defence capabilities while maintaining fiscal responsibility. 

Modernisation of the Armed Forces

Army

The Italian Army is undergoing a comprehensive modernisation program. Key initiatives include:

• Upgrading 125 Ariete C1 main battle tanks to the C2 standard, enhancing their combat effectiveness. 

• Procuring up to 380 new KF51 Panther tanks to replace aging models, with deliveries expected between 2030 and 2040. 

• Acquiring over 1,000 KF41 Lynx infantry fighting vehicles, developed in partnership with Rheinmetall and Leonardo, to enhance mechanised infantry capabilities. 

Air Force

The Italian Air Force continues to modernise its fleet, focusing on:

• Integrating the Eurofighter Typhoon and F-35 Lightning II aircraft to maintain air superiority.

• Participating in the European Future Combat Air System (FCAS) programme to develop next-generation air combat capabilities. 

Navy

The Italian Navy is enhancing its maritime capabilities through:

• Investing in new naval vessels, including frigates and submarines, to secure maritime interests.

• Upgrading existing ships with advanced weaponry and sensor systems to improve operational readiness.

Personnel and Deployment

As of 2024, the Italian armed forces comprised approximately 165,564 personnel, slightly below the stated intended threshold of 170,000. Efforts are underway to address this shortfall through recruitment and retention initiatives. There are also about 18,300 reservists. Italy's armed forces are comparable in numbers, if not technology, armour and materiel, to the United Kingdom, a country of approximately the same population. 

Italy maintains a robust international presence, with deployments across Africa, Asia, the Arctic, the Middle East, the Balkans, and Eastern Europe. This extensive engagement underscores Italy’s commitment to global security and her role as a key NATO member. However her armed forces have not yet evolved to an emphasis upon the defence of Europe, as are the United Kingdom, France, Poland and increasingly Germany, some of Europe's other major military actors.

Industrial Collaboration and Economic Impact

Italy’s defence industry, led by companies like Leonardo, plays a crucial role in the nation’s military modernisation. Collaborations with international partners, such as Rheinmetall, facilitate technology transfer and domestic production of advanced military equipment, contributing to economic growth and technological advancement.

Italy’s concerted efforts to enhance her military capabilities reflect a strategic commitment to national defence and international obligations. By meeting NATO’s spending targets and investing in modernisation, Italy positions herself as a formidable force within Europe, capable of addressing contemporary security challenges and contributing to global stability.

The planned increase in defence spending in 2025 is expected to enhance these forces’ operational readiness and modernisation efforts. Investments are anticipated in advanced technologies, equipment upgrades, and personnel training, aiming to bolster Italy’s military strength over the next few years.

Italy’s Military Assistance to Ukraine

Italy has provided substantial military aid to Ukraine, with allocations reaching approximately $1.7 billion in 2025. While this contribution is significant, it remains lower than that of some other European nations. Nonetheless Italy’s support underscores its commitment to Ukraine’s defence and the broader European security framework.

Future Role in NATO and EU-US Relations

Italy’s proactive stance in increasing defence spending and mediating trade discussions positions her as a central player in NATO and EU-US relations. Meloni’s diplomatic engagements signal a strategic effort to reinforce Italy’s influence within the alliance and to foster stronger transatlantic partnerships. By aligning more closely with US policies and advocating for cohesive European strategies, Italy is poised to play a more influential role in shaping the future of European defence and international cooperation.

In summary, Italy’s recent initiatives reflect a concerted effort to enhance her military capabilities, support international legal norms, and strengthen economic and diplomatic ties with key global partners. As geopolitical dynamics evolve, Italy’s role as a mediator and advocate for unity within the transatlantic alliance is likely to become increasingly significant.